기사의 목차
I. General Overview Of Incoterms 2020
Incoterms 2020 – Incoterms (International Commercial Terms) can be roughly translated as ” International Trade Terms or International Trade Practices “.
With additions, replacements and clearer comments to various contract terms, Incoterms 2020 can be said to be the most complete set of international trade codes of conduct today . You can continue to use Incoterms 2010 or 2000, but they are not as popular and optimal for international trade.
You can download Incoterms 2020 here.
a) Cause and purpose of formation
Since the late 19th century, multinational traders and corporations have used the term “transactional agreement” to clearly separate the responsibilities, costs, and risks associated with the delivery of goods. FOB and CIF It was used as an abbreviation using symbols in sales contracts such as.
But here’s where the problem arises: different countries have different units of measurement for goods, and different customs for trading and exchanging goods.
This can easily lead to misunderstandings and disputes. For this reason, there is a need to develop rules that outline the commercial terms that the parties to a sales contract can agree to apply.
| International Unit Of Measurement | Other Units Of Measurement | |
|---|---|---|
| Hour | – Second – Symbol: s | |
| Length | – Meter – Symbol: m | – Inches, Feet, Yards, Miles: Commonwealth and United States – Cain Zaku, Kujira Haku, …: Japan |
| Volume | – Kilogram – Symbol: kg | – Pounds and Ounces: US – Weight and quantity: China – Moment: Japan – Pecta = 1.6kg: Myanmar |
| Current Strength | – Ampere – Symbol: A | |
| Temperature | – Kelvin – Symbol: o K | – Celsius – Symbol: oC |
| Number Of Particles (Chemistry): 1 Mol = 6.02214076 × 10 23 Particles | – Mol – Symbol: mol | |
| Lighting Intensity | – Candela – Symbol: cd |
Can you summarize the overall purpose of Incoterms? In particular, Incoterms 2020 describe general commercial conditions for foreign trade . Therefore, clearly distinguish between responsibilities, costs and risks in the process of transferring goods from seller to buyer.
This allows the parties involved to have a unified understanding and avoid or minimize disputes that may arise because each party has a different understanding of some of their fundamental rights and responsibilities.
The three goals of Incoterms are:
1. Explain common commercial terms.
2. Shares responsibilities, costs, and risks between buyers and sellers.
3. Minimize disputes and risks caused by misunderstandings
b) History and development of formation
– 1923: The idea of unifying trade rules took shape.
– 1919: With the important mission of promoting international trade. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) was founded. On the first day of 1920, the ICC compiled the commercial terms used by traders around the world. As a result, it was found that there were about 06 technical terms in 13 countries. The results of this study were published in 1923, and the characteristics of each term were explained in detail.
– 1928: After the ICC conducted its second global survey, it began work on interpreting and unifying the terms commonly used in 30 countries.
– 1936: The ICC develops the Incoterms rules as a user manual for traders around the world. Based on its research, the ICC published the first set of international trade rules, including the FAS, FOB, C&F, CIF, Ex Ship and Ex Quay rules .
– 1953: In order to meet the needs of transporting goods by rail, the 1953 version of Incoterms was born, containing 09 rules: FAS, FOB, FOR, FOT, C&F, CIF, Ex Ship, Ex Quay and DCP, with three additional rules added compared to Incoterms 1936, applicable to non-sea transport modes, namely DCP, FOR and FOT.
– 1967: Incoterms added two destination delivery terms, DAF and DDP, which could be used for all modes of transport, including multimodal transport. The 1967 version of Incoterms contained 11 rules.
– 1976: Additional FOA conditions, especially for air transport. The 1976 version of Incoterms included 12 rules.
– 1980: The ICC updated Incoterms to accommodate the rapid growth of containerized freight. The 1980 version of Incoterms included a new rule called FRC. The 1980 version of Incoterms contained 13 rules.
– 1990: A complete and comprehensive version was issued, covering 13 rules: EXW, FCA, FOB, FAS, CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP, DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP . This version also added provisions for electronic documents .
– 2000: ICC approved the unification of customs duties for export and import clearance of goods by sellers and buyers. This version retains the same 13 rules as Incoterms 1990 (EXW, FCA, FOB, FAS, CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP, DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, DDP).
– 2010: The Incoterms 2010 version fully addresses the new trends in trade in goods with 11 rules: EXW, FCA, FOB, FAS, CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP, DDP. In order for traders to focus on the mode of transport when choosing the appropriate Incoterms rule, Incoterms 2010 omits the four groups E, F, C, D and presents only two groups based on the mode of transport.
– 2020: The latest Incoterms 2020 are published and will come into effect on January 1, 2020.
II. Important Terms Of Incoterms 2020
Incoterm 2020 version contains 11 delivery conditions, divided into 4 main groups E; F; C; D ( This division has been in effect since the 2010 version and will be completed by 2020 ).
Also, depending on the transportation method, it is divided into two types: waterway transportation and maritime transportation; intermodal transportation. (New business in 2020) .
| Divide | Incoterms 2020 |
|---|---|
| Group E: Factory Delivery / Quantity: 1 | – The seller prepares the goods to be delivered to the buyer at the agreed location. – The seller does not need to:Customs clearance procedures, loading and unloading costs; goods licensing. |
| Group F: Unpaid Shipping / Quantity: 3 | – In this group, the seller must perform export customs clearance and assist in obtaining licenses at the buyer’s request, but does not perform import procedures and does not conclude international transport contracts. |
| Group C: Trunk Freight / Quantity: 4 | – The seller performs the work mentioned in Group F. However, you will need to go the extra mile of concluding a contract of carriage to deliver the goods from the destination port to the place specified by the buyer . – The seller is not responsible for import customs clearance . The risk is transferred from the seller to the buyer once the goods are delivered to the carrier (transport company). |
| Group D: Shipping Address / Quantity: 3 | – The seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the specific location specified by the buyer and bears the risk until the goods are safely delivered to the buyer. |
There are 11 detailed delivery conditions as follows:
1) EXW(Ex Works): Factory delivery
2) FCA (Free Carrier): Delivered to the carrier
3) FOB(Free On Board): Shipment on board
4) FAS (Free Alongside Ship): Delivered along the side of the ship
5) CPT(Carriage Paid To): Transportation Fee Paid
6) CIP (Carriage & Insurance Paid To): We pay for transportation and insurance.
7) CFR(Cost and Freight): Cost and Freight
8) CIF (Cost, Insurance & Freight): Cost, Insurance and Freight
9) DDP (Delivered Duty Paid): Tax paid and delivered
10) DAP(Delivered At Place): Delivery location
11) DPU(Delivery at Place Unloaded): Delivered at the unloading location
III. Summary Of Changes In Incoterms 2020 Compared To 2010
– Additional information about Incoterms® is provided in the introduction section.
– The Parties’ Obligations section is rearranged to clarify the delivery obligations and risk sharing.
– Please list the costs in more detail.
– More specific comments for users.
– The bill of lading is issued together with the goods delivered on board in accordance with FCA Incoterms 2020 terms.
– Change the level of seller insurance in CIF to maintain Type A and CIP to Type C.
– Replace DAT section with DPU
– Rearrange shipments within FCA regulations: DAP; DPU and DDP
– The cost sharing obligation has been moved to Section A9/B9.
